How to Manage Pests

UC Pest Management Guidelines

DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS

Adult lygus bugs are somewhat variable in color and size. In general the adults are about 0.20 to 0.25 inch long. Lygus hesperus adults vary from yellowish to reddish brown and the adults of Lygus elisus are pale or yellowish green. A distinctive yellow triangle is located in the middle of the back. Overwintering males of both species are mahogony colored, while the females are reddish. Eggs are slightly curved, elongated, flattened on one end, and inserted into plant tissue. Nymphs are pale green in color. Later instar nymphs have circular, black spots on the dorsum.

Lygus bugs overwinter as adults in plant debris, in the crown of plants on the orchard floor, and in uncultivated areas outside the orchard. As temperatures rise, females begin laying eggs on a wide range of plants, especially mustards. As plants begin to dry up in uncultivated areas, lygus adults migrate to irrigated areas where mating occurs. It is believed adults are chiefly responsible for damage to fruit orchards, as nymphs are rarely found in trees. There may be as many as 6 to 10 overlapping generations per year.

Calocoris adults are about 0.25 inch in length with a green-colored body. The wings have a reddish brown tint and are black where they overlap. There are also two black dots on the thorax. Calocoris is usually found on mustard, wild radish, and vetch hosts and is most common in the northern San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Populations of Calocoris may build up on cover crops, especially purple vetch. There is only one generation a year so late season problems do not occur with this pest.

Adult Calocoris can be distinguished from lygus bugs by the presence of two black dots on the back just behind the head. Calocoris nymphs do not have red-tipped antennae and black spots on the back as do lygus nymphs. Calocoris nymphs tend to be longer and narrower than lygus nymphs and have fine black hairs on the body.

DAMAGE

Damage to rapidly growing shoot tips can begin as early as mid-May in most years, when adult plant bugs begin laying eggs and feeding in the soft tissue at the tips of the shoots. They can also insert eggs in fruit at this time. Severely damaged terminals may resemble peach twig borer and oriental fruit moth shoot strike, but there is no tunneling in the shoot tips and damage generally occurs lower in the tree. Affected growing tips may die, causing lateral buds to push and shoots to become bushy.

Plant bug feeding on green fruit may result in gumming, but gum is usually absent on nearly ripe and ripe fruit. On green fruit, feeding stings cause the outermost cortical cells of nectarine flesh to die, resulting in small, bluish green spots. The skin then develops a small, dead area that often splits as the fruit grows, frequently causing it to be misshapened. On nearly ripe fruit, feeding is characterized by small, dead areas where a small cavity has developed beneath the skin. Fruit damage is sporadic and doesn't occur every year; however, in some years severe economic losses can occur. In general, plant bug populations are highest in years where there is lots of lush vegetation growing in and around the orchard.

MANAGEMENT

Generally speaking, plant bug damage is worse in orchards planted near wild or uncultivated areas or in orchards near a host such as alfalfa, cotton, safflower, or tomatoes. Damage is often heavier on outside rows or in areas of the orchard that are nearest to a source of migrating adults. Anticipate migrating adults as other hosts begin to dry or are cut or harvested.

Cultural Control
In orchards located away from an outside plant bug source, clean cultivation or a weed-free orchard floor will aid in suppressing these pests. Where hard-to-kill broadleaf perennials are present, treat the orchard floor with an insecticide when sweep net counts indicate a potentially damaging population is present in the weeds.

Where migration is a problem, destroy as many surrounding hosts as possible in early spring before first generation nymphs complete their development. If you own or manage the adjacent fields, another alternative is to treat these areas with pesticides, although there may be hazards to foraging bees.

New orchards that are planted next to weedy areas are especially susceptible to damage from both plant bugs and thrips as the weeds dry out. If an orchard is near an alfalfa field, strip cutting the alfalfa or leaving a strip uncut nearest to the orchard will help prevent migration out of the alfalfa.

Organically Acceptable Methods
Cultural controls are organically acceptable methods for controlling these pests.

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
Plant bugs may be present in the orchard, but they may not move up to feed on fruit in trees, so monitoring only indicates whether they are present in the orchard and not whether a treatment needs to be applied. Use a sweep net to detect the presence of bugs in the orchard. Orchards with ground covers are likely to harbor plant bug populations. If plant bugs are present, cultivate or mow closely before green fruit are present.

Examine fruit on trees every other week after color break (see PREHARVEST FRUIT SAMPLES) to detect any developing problems in the orchard and take a fruit damage sample at harvest to assess the effectiveness of the current year's IPM program and to determine the needs of next year's program, see FRUIT EVALUATION AT HARVEST. Record results (115 KB, PDF) for harvest sample.

Common name		Amount/Acre**		R.E.I.+	P.H.I.+
(trade name)		(conc.)	(dilute)	(hours)	(days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy, impact on natural enemies and honey bees, and impact of the timing on beneficials. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used.
A.	ESFENVALERATE*
	(Asana XL)	4–6 oz	1.5–2 oz	12	14
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3
	COMMENTS: The use of esfenvalerate is not generally recommended on perennial crops in the San Joaquin Valley because high label rates can cause outbreaks of secondary pests. While low label rates reduce the potential for secondary outbreaks in the Sacramento Valley, they should only be used where resistance to organophosphates has not become a problem and other methods such as mating disruption are not feasible.
B.	CYFLUTHRIN/IMIDACLOPRID*
	(Leverage) 2.7	3.6–4.4 fl oz	0.8–1.1 fl oz	12	7
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3/4A
	COMMENTS: Do not apply when bees are actively foraging. Use allowed under a Supplemental Label.
C.	PHOSMET
	(Imidan) 70 WP	4.25 lb	1 lb	5 days	14
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B
D.	FORMETANATE HYDROCHLORIDE
	(Carzol) 92SP	1 lb	0.25 lb	5 days	see comments
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A
	COMMENTS: Do not apply after petal fall.
E.	INDOXACARB
	(Avaunt)	6 oz	1.5 oz	12	14
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 22A
	COMMENTS: Also controls katydids and Oriental fruit moth. Do not apply in more than 200 gal water/acre.
F.	IMIDACLOPRID
	(Provado) 1.6F	4–8 fl oz	1–2 fl oz	12	0
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A
	COMMENTS: Do not apply when bees are actively foraging.
G.	METHOMYL*
	(Lannate) LV	3 pt	0.75 pt	3 days	1
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A
**	For dilute applications, rate is per 100 gal water to be applied in 300-500 gal water/acre, according to label; for concentrate applications, use 80-100 gal water/acre, or lower if label allows.
*	Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use.
+	Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
1	Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.

IMPORTANT LINKS

• Fruit sampling for pest damage in harvest (115 KB, PDF)

PUBLICATION

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Nectarine
UC ANR Publication 3451
Insects and Mites
W. J. Bentley, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
K. R. Day, UC Cooperative Extension, Tulare County
Acknowledgment for contributions to Insects and Mites:
R. E. Rice, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier

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