How to Manage Pests

UC Pest Management Guidelines

DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST

Western flower thrips adults are minute insects, about 0.03 inch long, with two pairs of fringed wings. The adult has three color forms that vary in abundance depending on the time of year. There is a pale form that is white and yellow, except for slight brown spots or blemishes on the top of the abdomen; an intermediate color form with an orange thorax and brown abdomen; and a dark form that is dark brown. The intermediate form is present throughout the year, but in spring the dark form predominates while the pale form is most abundant at other times throughout the year.

First-instar nymphs are opaque or light yellow, turning to golden yellow after the first molt. The nymphal stage lasts from 5 to 20 days.

DAMAGE

Nymphs hatch and feed in numbers on tiny fruit, often under the drying calyx or flower parts. Their feeding scars the surface of the fruit. These scars enlarge as the fruit grows, and may cause fruit deformity. Thrips can also cause silvering just before nectarine fruits mature.

Although some feeding does take place on blossoms, little damage results until fruit forms. Thrips can damage terminal shoots and cause them to stop growing. Usually one to two small dead leaves cling to the terminal. Buds just below the terminal grow, giving the branch a bushy appearance.

MANAGEMENT

Western flower thrips overwinter as adults in weeds, grasses, alfalfa, and other hosts, either in the orchard floor or nearby. In early spring, if overwintering sites are disturbed or dry up, thrips migrate to flowering trees and plants and deposit eggs in the tender portions of the host plant, e.g. shoots, buds, and flower parts.

Cultural Control
Thrips are often attracted to weeds blooming on the orchard floor. To prevent driving thrips into the trees, do not disc the cover crop when trees are in bloom. Open, weedy land adjacent to orchards should be disced as early as possible to prevent thrips development and migration of adults into orchards.

Organically Acceptable Methods
Cultural controls, clean cultivation, and sprays of the Entrust formulation of spinosad are organically acceptable tools.

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
Begin monitoring thrips as individual blocks begin to bloom (see EARLY SEASON MONITORING). Monitor for thrips by examining blossoms from trees by slapping a shoot with five to ten blossoms against a yellow card or look for the immature stages within the blossoms. Often nymphs are not dislodged by the slapping method so also dissect individual flowers and examine them with a hand lens for nymphs. First instar nymphs are white in color and often difficult to see, so be sure to check carefully. Check a minimum of 50 trees per orchard for nymphs. In warm springs, adults will often migrate in and out of a block without being detected so it is important to always sample for nymphs.

If two or more adult thrips are present or if any nymphs are found, a treatment is warranted. If a treatment is applied, make it before the calyx becomes tight around the developing ovary. If nymphs are found under the jacket after it tightens around the fruit, use methomyl.

Highly colored varieties can be damaged by thrips feeding just before harvest. Monitor orchards 2 to 3 weeks before harvest when fruit begins to color, see PREHARVEST FRUIT SAMPLES. If fruit starts showing damage, a treatment is necessary.

Sample fruit at harvest (FRUIT EVALUATION AT HARVEST) to assess the effectiveness of the current year's IPM program and to determine the needs of next year's program. Record results (PDF) for harvest sample.

Common name		Amount/Acre**		R.E.I.+	P.H.I.+
(trade name)		(conc.)	(dilute)	(hours)	(days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy, impact on natural enemies and honey bees, and impact of the timing on beneficials. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used.
A.	SPINETORAM
	(Delegate WG)	4.5–7 oz	1.125–1.75 oz	4	1
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5
B.	SPINOSAD
	(Entrust)#	1.71–2.5 oz	0.43–0.6 oz	4	1
	(Success)	6–8 oz	1.5–2 oz	4	1
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5
	COMMENTS: Do not apply more than 29 oz/acre/year of Success or 9 oz/acre/year of Entrust. To avoid development of insect resistance, do not treat successive generations of the same pest with the same product. Control may be improved by addition of an adjuvant.
C.	METHOMYL*
	(Lannate 90SP)	0.5–1 lb	—	3 days	1
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A
	COMMENTS: The use of this material causes mite problems.
D.	ABAMECTIN*
	(Agri-Mek 0.15 EC)	10–20 fl oz	2.5–5 fl oz	12	21
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6
	COMMENTS: May be combined with oil.  Do not make more than 2 applications/growing season and allow at least 21 days between treatments.  Do not exceed 20 fl oz/acre/application.
E.	FORMETANATE HYDROCHLORIDE
	(Carzol 92SP)	1 lb	0.25 lb	5 days	see comments
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A
	COMMENTS: Do not apply after petal fall. The use of this material causes mite problems later in the season.
**	For dilute applications, rate is per 100 gal water to be applied in 300-500 gal water/acre, according to label; for concentrate applications, use 80-100 gal water/acre, or lower if label allows.
*	Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use.
+	Preharvest interval. Do not apply within this many days of harvest.
—	Not recommended or not on label.

IMPORTANT LINKS

• Fruit sampling for pest damage in harvest (PDF)

PUBLICATION

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Nectarine
UC ANR Publication 3451
Insects and Mites
W. J. Bentley, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
K. R. Day, UC Cooperative Extension, Tulare County
Acknowledgment for contributions to Insects and Mites:
R. E. Rice, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier

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