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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Lettuce
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides and Miticides Used in Lettuce to Natural Enemies and Honey Bees
(Reviewed 8/07,
updated 8/07)
In this Guideline:
|
|
|
| Common name (trade name and formulation) |
Mode of action1 |
Selectivity2 (affected groups) |
Predatory mites3 |
General predators4 |
Parasites4 |
Honey bees5 |
Duration of impact to natural enemies6 |
| abamectin (Agri-Mek EC) |
6 |
moderate (mites, leafminers) |
M |
L |
M/H |
I7 |
long to predatory mitesand affected insects |
| acephate (Orthene) |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
M/H |
I |
intermediate |
| acetamiprid (Assail) |
4A |
moderate (sucking insects, larvae) |
—8 |
—9 |
— |
III |
moderate |
| azadirachtin (Neemix) |
18B |
broad (insects, mites) |
M |
L/M |
L/M |
III |
short |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.
kurstaki
|
11.B2 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| bifenthrin (Capture) |
3 |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I-III10 |
long |
| carbaryl (Sevin) bait |
1A |
narrow (cutworms, armyworms) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) |
3 |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
moderate |
| cypermethrin (Ammo) |
3 |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I11 |
moderate |
| cyromazine (Trigard WSP) |
17 |
narrow (leafminers) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| diazinon (WP, EC) |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| diazinon (G) |
1B |
narrow (soil insects) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| dimethoate (E) |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
long |
| disulfoton (Di-Syston EC) |
1B |
broad (insect, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
II12 |
— |
| emamectin benzoate (Proclaim) |
6 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
III |
— |
| esfenvalerate (Asana) |
3 |
broad (insect, mites) |
H |
M |
H |
I13 |
moderate |
| imidacloprid (Admire) |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects, beet armyworms, cutworms) |
— |
L |
L |
I14 |
— |
| imidacloprid (Provado F) |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects) |
— |
— |
H |
II |
short to moderate |
| indoxacarb (Avaunt) |
22 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
moderate |
| lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior) |
3 |
broad (plant bugs, beetles, caterpillars) |
H |
H |
H |
I15 |
moderate |
| methomyl (Lannate SP, LV) |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
III |
moderate |
| methoxyfenozide (Intrepid F) |
18A |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox-R) |
1B |
narrow (sucking insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
III |
moderate |
| permethrin (Ambush, Pounce) |
3 |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
H |
I |
long |
| pymetrozine (Fulfill) |
9B |
narrow (aphids, whiteflies) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| spinosad (Success, Entrust) |
5 |
narrow (caterpillars, whiteflies, aphids, leafminers) |
L |
M16 |
L/M |
III |
moderate16 |
| thiodicarb (Larvin) |
1A |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
— |
| zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) |
3 |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
M |
M |
I |
moderate |
H =
high M =
moderate L = low — = no
information
| 1 |
Rotate chemicals with a different
mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same
mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the
development of resistance. For
example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B
Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number
other than 1B. Mode of action is assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance
Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. |
| 2 |
Selectivity: Broad means it affects most Groups of insects and mites;
narrow means it affects only a few specific Groups. |
| 3 |
Generally, toxicities are to
western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis.
|
| 4 |
Toxicities are averages of
reported effects and should be used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity
of a specific chemical depends on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 5 |
Ratings are as follows: I = Do not
apply to blooming plants; II = Apply only during late evening; III = Apply
only during late evening, night, or early morning; and IV = Apply at any time
with reasonable safety to bees. For more information, see How
to Reduce Bee Poisoning From Pesticides (164K, PDF), Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW591. |
| 6 |
Duration: Short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
| 7 |
If rate is 0.025 lb a.i./acre, rating is II. |
| 8 |
May cause flare-ups of spider mite populations. |
| 9 |
Acute toxicity low but reproductive capacity is impacted. |
| 10 |
If rate is less than 0.04 lb
a.i./acre, rating is III; if 0.04 lb a.i./acre, rating is II; if 0.06 lb a.i./acre, rating is I. |
| 11 |
If rate is 0.025 lb a.i./acre or less, rating is III. |
| 12 |
If rate is 0.5 lb a.i./acre or less, rating is III. |
| 13 |
If rate is 0.025 lb a.i./acre, rating is II. |
| 14 |
If rate is 0.1 lb a.i./acre, rating is II. |
| 15 |
If rate is 0.02 lb a.i./acre, rating is II. |
| 16 |
Toxic against some natural enemies
(predatory thrips, syrphid fly larva, beetles) when sprayed and 5 to 7 days after, especially for syrphid fly larvae. |
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Lettuce
UC ANR Publication 3450
General Information
Acknowledgements: This table was
compiled based on research data and experience of University of California
scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest
Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M.L. and S.H. Dreistadt. 1998.
Natural
Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control,. ANR Publication 3386.
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