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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Citrus
Amorbia (Western Avocado Leafroller)
Scientific Name: Amorbia cuneana
(Reviewed 9/08,
updated 9/08)
In this Guideline:
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Amorbia is primarily a pest
of avocado, but can also occasionally cause damage in citrus groves, primarily
in southern California and the San Joaquin Valley. The larva has two dark
horizontal lines on each side of its head and prothoracic shield that
distinguish it from other caterpillars that occur in citrus. There are two to
three generations a year.
Amorbia larvae may feed on young fruit at petal fall. They
also feed on new growth flushes, often rolling the leaves or tying leaves to fruit and feeding
on the peel of young or maturing fruit and under the calyx. Damaged fruit often
decays at the feeding site.
Infestations generally occur in groves planted near avocado.
Amorbia is generally managed by monitoring from petal fall through
fall. Use selective (toxic to only a narrow group of insects) insecticides to
preserve populations of natural enemies.
Biological
Control
A variety of natural enemies attack egg, larval, and pupal
stages of amorbia. One of the most effective egg parasites is the tiny wasp, Trichogramma platneri. Parasitized eggs are black. Mass
releases of T. platneri are used for control in avocado. A tachinid fly and several
parasitic wasps attack the larvae stages. The tachinid fly attaches its eggs
near the head of the larva and the emerging maggots bore into the amorbia larva
to develop inside.
Organically
Acceptable Methods
Biological
control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis and the Entrust
formulation of spinosad are acceptable for use in organically managed citrus
orchards.
Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
When monitoring for citrus thrips at petal fall, especially in
groves near avocados, check under the button on the base of fruit for small
amorbia larvae. Monitor larger larvae later in spring by looking for webbing
and leaf rolls in young foliage and feeding damage on young and mature fruit
located on the outside canopy.
| Common name |
Amount to Use |
R.E.I.+ |
P.H.I.+ |
| (trade name) |
(type of coverage)** |
(hours) |
(days) |
|
| The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. |
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| A. |
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# |
| |
(various) |
Label rates (OC) |
4 |
0 |
| |
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11.B2 |
| |
COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because
of short residual period. Apply only during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph. |
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| B. |
CRYOLITE |
| |
(Prokil Cryolite) 96 |
8–20 lb/acre (OC) |
12 |
15 |
| |
(Kryocide) 96 WP |
8–20 lb/acre (OC) |
12 |
15 |
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RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9A |
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COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger
trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather
to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. |
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| C. |
SPINOSAD |
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(Entrust)# |
1.25–3 oz/acre (OC) |
4 |
1 |
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(Success) |
4–10 fl oz/acre (OC) |
4 |
1 |
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RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (thrips, orangeworms, katydids); Natural enemies: predatory thrips |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5 |
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COMMENTS: Do not apply more than 0.45 lb a.i./acre/crop. |
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| D. |
CHLORPYRIFOS* |
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(Lorsban) 4E |
0.5–2 qt/acre (OC or A) |
5 days |
see comments |
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RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B |
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COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than
twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days apart. During the
bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. P.H.I. is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre or 35 days for over 7 pt/acre. |
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| E. |
CARBARYL* |
| |
(Sevin XLR Plus) 4F |
2 qt/acre (OC) |
12 |
5 |
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RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A |
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COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period,
apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. XLR Plus
formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct
application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with
your local county agricultural commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period. |
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| F. |
NALED |
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(Dibrom) 8E |
2 pt/acre (OC) |
see comments |
7 |
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RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B |
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COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines.
This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less/acre and 3 days for more than 1 pt. |
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| G. |
METHOMYL* |
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(Lannate LV) 2.4 |
1.5–3 pt/acre (OC or A) |
72 |
1 |
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RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects) Natural enemies: most |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A |
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COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines,
and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. |
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| H. |
CARBARYL* |
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(Sevin) 80S |
2.5 lb/acre (OC) |
12 |
5 |
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RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most |
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PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long |
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MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A |
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COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous
to bees. Do not apply during bloom or apply more than 25 lb per acre per crop. |
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Citrus
UC ANR Publication 3441
Insects, Mites, and Snails
E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
J. G. Morse, Entomology, UC Riverside
N. V. O‘Connell, UC Cooperative Extension, Tulare County
P. A. Phillips, UC IPM Program, UC Cooperative Extension, Ventura County
C. E. Kallsen, UC Cooperative Extension, Kern County
D. R. Haviland, UC Cooperative Extension, Kern County
Acknowledgments for contributions to Insect, Mites, and Snails:
J. Barcinas, E. S. I., Corona, CA
R. Dunn, Badger Farming County, Exeter, CA
J. Gorden, Pest Management Associates, Exeter, CA
H. Griffiths, E. S. I., Corona, CA
D. Machlitt, Consulting Entomology Services, Moorpark, CA
C. Musgrove, retired entomologist, Riverside, CA
K. Olsen, S & J Ranch, Pinedale, CA
T. Roberts, E. S. I., Corona, CA
J. Stewart, Pest Management Associates, Exeter, CA
P. Washburn, Washburn & Sons Citrus Pest Control, Riverside, CA
K. Godfrey, USDA Biological Control, Sacramento
D. Headrick, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
B. Faber, UC Cooperative Extension, Ventura County
J. Kabashima, UC Cooperative Extension, South Coast Research and Extension Center
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